Answer

The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) tracks pay and education or occupation.  Begin on the BLS Career Outlook page.  Also salary ranges by occupation are available in the BLS' Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)

On the Business Library's Economic and Statistical Information section  links to useful resources include the following suggested resources:

SageData: Provides statistical data sets from reputable resources. Go to the Browse by Subject section or search for "education and compensation". 

Statista: Provides data on executive and employee compensation in the world.